![]() J Stat Softw 67:1–48īarton K (2016) Package ‘MuMIn’: multi-model inference. Springer, New York, pp 230–257īates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4. In: Marsh LK, Chapman CA (eds) Primates in fragments, developments in primatology: progress and prospects. Am J Primatol 72:1–16Īrroyo-Rodríguez V, Fahrig L (2014) Why is a landscape perspective important in studies of primates? Am J Primatol 76:901–909Īrroyo-Rodríguez V, Moral EC, Mandujano S, Chapman CA, Reyna-Hurtado R, Fahrig L (2013) Assessing habitat fragmentation effects for primates: the importance of evaluating questions at the correct scale. J Anim Ecol 47:219–247Īrroyo-Rodríguez V, Dias PA (2010) Effects of habitat fragmentation and disturbance on howler monkeys: a review. Ecol Lett 9:467–484Īnderson RM, May R (1978) Regulation and stability of host-parasite population interactions. We conclude that the howler monkeys were likely infected with several parasite taxa on the ground and that the structure of the anthropogenic landscapes played a minor role in modulating the richness of their parasite communities.Īltizer S, Dobson A, Hosseini P, Hudson P, Pascual M, Rohani P (2006) Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases. Parasite richness showed weak inverse relationships with forest cover and mean distance to the nearest forest fragment. We found ten parasite taxa (five basal eukaryotes, four nematodes, and one platyhelminth). We used generalized linear models to assess the power of the independent variables in predicting parasite richness at the patch- and patch-landscape scales. We collected fecal samples from 60 howler monkey groups inhabiting forest fragments (one group per fragment) from January to July 2019. We assessed if habitat patch size and landscape structure (forest cover, matrix permeability, patch density, and mean distance to the nearest forest fragment) influence the richness of parasite communities of brown howler monkeys ( Alouatta guariba clamitans) inhabiting forest fragments immersed in an anthropogenic matrix using a patch-landscape approach. Environmental change can affect the ecology and behavior of host and parasite species and modulate the composition of within-host parasite communities.
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